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Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 1998
Round 3

Ghana, 1998
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GHA-GSS-DHS-1998-v2.0
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Ghana Demographic and Health Survey - Data collection instruments
Author(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA
Date 1999-10-01
Country Ghana
Contributor(s) Government of Ghana Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Publisher(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana
Description These are the main instruments used for the data collection of the GDHS 1998
Table of contents Household Questionnaire
Women Questionnaire
Men Questionnaire
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Reports
Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 1998
Author(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA
Date 1999-10-01
Country Ghana
Language English
Contributor(s) Government of Ghana Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Publisher(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana
Description This report presents the details of all the findings from the field work.It presents the findings in tables, graphs and also have detail explanations to the tables.
Table of contents CONTENTS
Page
Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Foreword . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Map of Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Geography, History and Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Demographic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Population and Reproductive Health Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Objectives and Organisation of the Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Sample Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 Training and Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8 Coverage of the Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND RESPONDENTS . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . 7
2.1 Demographic Characteristics of Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Household Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Educational Level of Household Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.4 Housing Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Background Characteristics of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Educational Level of Survey Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 Access To Mass Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
2.8 Women’s Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
CHAPTER 3 FERTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 Current Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Fertility Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 Trends in Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 Pregnancy Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 Children Ever Born and Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6 Birth Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
3.7 Age at First Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
3.8 Adolescent Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
iv
Page
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY REGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
4.1 Knowledge of Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
4.2 Knowledge of Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Ever Use of Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.4 Current Use of Contraceptive Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5 Trends in Contraceptive Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.6 Number of Children at First Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.7 Use of Social Marketing Brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
4.8 Sources of Supply of Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
4.9 Future Use of Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.10 Reasons for Nonuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.11 Preferred Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.12 Exposure to Family Planning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.13 Acceptability of Family Planning Messages on the Radio and Television . . . . . . . ........ . . 54
4.14 Exposure to Family Planning Messages Through the Print Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 55
4.15 Discussion of Family Planning Between Spouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.16 Attitudes of Couples Toward Family Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
CHAPTER 5 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . . . . 59
5.1 Marital Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 59
5.2 Polygyny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 60
5.3 Age at First Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4 Age At First Sexual Intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.5 Recent Sexual Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 65
5.6 Postpartum Amenorrhoea, Abstinence and Insusceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.7 Termination of Exposure to Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 70
CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.1 Desire for More Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 71
6.2 Need for Family Planning Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3 Ideal Family Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4 Wanted and Unwanted Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CHAPTER 7 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.1 Assessment of Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.2 Levels and Trends in Infant and Child Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.3 Socio-economic Differentials in Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.4 Demographic Differentials in Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.5 Perinatal Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.6 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
v
Page
CHAPTER 8 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.1 Antenatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.2 Delivery Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.3 Postnatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.4 Vaccination of Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 101
8.5 Acute Respiratory Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 105
8.6 Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 107
8.7 Diarrhoea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 107
CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.1 Breastfeeding and Supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 113
9.2 Nutritional Status of Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.3 Nutritional Status of Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 122
CHAPTER 10 KNOWLEDGE OF AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.1 AIDS Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 125
10.2 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 128
10.3 Perception of HIV/AIDS Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.4 HIV/AIDS Prevention Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.5 Treatment of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.6 Knowledge and Use of Condoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 136
10.7 Knowledge of other STDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
A.2 Sampling Frame and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
A.3 Response Rates by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
APPENDIX D SURVEY PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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Questionnaire
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Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 1998
Author(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana
Date 2008-08-06T00:12
Country Ghana
Contributor(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana
Publisher(s) Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana
Description This report presents the details of all the findings from the field work.It presents the findings in tables, graphs and also have detail explanations to the tables.
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