| subtitle |
GDHS Report 2003 |
| Author(s) |
Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana , Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Legon, Ghana , ORC Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2014-09-13 |
| Country |
Ghana |
| Language |
English |
| Contributor(s) |
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) , Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) , Ministry of Health (MoH)/Ghana Health Service (GHS) , National Population Council (NPC) and ORC Macro , United States Agency for International Development (USAID |
| Publisher(s) |
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) |
| Description |
This report present the details of the findings of the survey. It provides findings of the various sections in tables and graphs and offer detail explanation to the report. |
| Table of contents |
Tables and Figures ........................................................................................ix
Foreword..................................................................................................xvii
Contributors ..............................................................................................xix
Summary of Findings ....................................................................................xxi
Map of Ghana ..........................................................................................xxviii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1
1.1 Geography, History, and Economy ..................................................................1
1.1.1 Geography............................................................................................1
1.1.2 History.................................................................................................1
1.1.3 Economy ..............................................................................................2
1.2 Demographic Profile....................................................................................2
1.3 Population Policy and Reproductive Health Programmes..........................................3
1.4 Objectives and Organisation of the Survey.........................................................4
1.5 Sample Design...........................................................................................4
1.6 Questionnaires ..........................................................................................5
1.7 Haemoglobin and HIV Testing..........................................................................5
1.7.1 Haemoglobin Testing..................................................................................6
1.7.2 HIV/AIDS Testing......................................................................................6
1.8 Pretest, Training, and Fieldwork.......................................................................7
1.8.1 Pretest .................................................................................................7
1.8.2 Training and Fieldwork ...............................................................................8
1.9 Data Processing..........................................................................................8
1.10 Response Rates........................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS.......................11
2.1 Household Population by Age and Sex .............................................................11
2.2 Household Composition................................................................................13
2.3 Educational Attainment of Household Members ............................................... ...14
2.4 Housing Characteristics................................................................................19
2.5 Household Durable Goods .............................................................................22
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS..........................................23
3.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents .......................................................23
3.2 Educational Attainment and Literacy................................................................ 25
3.3 Access to Mass Media ................................................................................. 29
3.4 Employment .............................................................................................32
3.4.1 Employment Status ..................................................................................32
3.4.2 Occupation ............................................................................................35
3.4.3 Type of Employer, Form of Earnings, and Continuity of Employment .........................38
3.4.4 Control Over Earnings and Women’s Contribution to Household Expenditures...............40
3.5 Women’s Empowerment ................................................................................43
3.5.1 Women’s Participation in Decisionmaking...........................................................43
3.5.2 Attitudes toward Wife-beating ......................................................................46
3.5.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex......................................................................49
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY ......................................................................................53
4.1 Fertility Levels and Trends............................................................................. 53
4.1.1 Fertility Levels..........................................................................................53
4.1.2 Differentials in Current and Completed Fertility ...................................................54
4.1.3 Trends in Fertility.......................................................................................56
4.2 Children Ever Born and Children Surviving ........................................................... 58
4.3 Birth Intervals ............................................................................................ 59
4.4 Age at First Birth ......................................................................................... 61
4.5 Median Age at First Birth by Background Characteristics ........................................... 61
4.6 Teenage Fertility ..........................................................................................62
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING ..............................................................................65
5.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods .................................................................65
5.2 Ever Use of Contraception ..............................................................................68
5.3 Current Use of Contraceptive Methods................................................................70
5.4 Trends in the Use of Family Planning .................................................................. 74
5.5 Current Use of Contraception by Women’s Status .................................................. 75
5.6 Number of Children at First Use of Contraception .................................................. 77
5.7 Use of Social Marketing Brands........................................................................ 77
5.8 Knowledge of Fertile Period............................................................................79
5.9 Source of Supply ........................................................................................80
5.10 Informed Choice ...................................................................................... 81
5.11 Future Use of Contraception........................................................................ 84
5.12 Reasons for Not Intending to Use Contraception ................................................ 84
5.13 Preferred Method of Contraception for Future Use .............................................. 85
5.14 Exposure to Family Planning Messages............................................................. 86
5.15 Exposure to Specific Radio Messages on Family Planning .........................................89
5.16 Contact of Non-users with Family Planning Providers..............................................91
5.17 Discussion about Family Planning with Husband ....................................................92
5.18 Attitudes of Men towards Family Planning ..........................................................93
5.19 Attitudes of Couples towards Family Planning ......................................................94
CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY .......................................99
6.1 Current Marital Status ....................................................................................99
6.2 Polygyny.................................................................................................. 100
6.3 Age at First Marriage ................................................................................... 102
6.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ...................................................................... 104
6.5 Recent Sexual Activity................................................................................. 107
6.6 Postpartum Amenorrhoea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility ..................................... 110
6.7 Menopause .............................................................................................. 112
CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES.....................................................................113
7.1 Desire For More Children ...............................................................................113
7.2 Need For Family Planning Services ....................................................................116
7.3 Ideal Family Size..........................................................................................118
7.4 Fertility Planning .........................................................................................121
7.5 Ideal Family Size And Unmet Need By Women’s Status .............................................122
CHAPTER 8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY..............................................................125
8.1 Definition, Data Quality and Methodology ............................................................125
8.2 Levels and Trends in Infant and Child Mortality ......................................................127
8.3 Socio-economic Diffferentials in Mortality .............................................................129
8.4 Demographic Characteristics and Child Mortality.....................................................131
8.5 Women’s Status and Child Mortality....................................................................134
8.6 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................135
8.7 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour.............................................................................136
CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH...............................................................137
9.1 Maternity Care ...........................................................................................137
9.1.1 Antenatal Care.........................................................................................137
9.1.2 Delivery Care ......................................................................................... 144
9.1.3 Postnatal Care ........................................................................................ 148
9.2 Reproductive Health Care and Women’s Status..................................................... 150
9.3 Child health............................................................................................... 151
9.3.1 Vaccination of Children .............................................................................. 151
9.3.2 Acute Respiratory Infections ............................................................... ........155
9.3.3 Diarrhoeal Diseases .................................................................................. 157
9.4 Child Health Care and Women’s Status .............................................................. 163
9.5 Women’s Perceptions of Problems in Obtaining Health Care...................................... 164
9.6 Use of Smoking Tobacco ...............................................................................165
CHAPTER 10 NUTRITION ...................................................................................169
10.1 Breastfeeding...........................................................................................169
10.1.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding .........................................................................169
10.1.2 Age Pattern of Breastfeeding .................................................................... 171
10.2 Complementary Feeding..............................................................................175
10.2.1 Types of Complementary Foods.......................................................... ........175
10.2.2 Frequency of Foods Consumed by Children .................................................... 176
10.3 Micronutrients ..........................................................................................179
10.3.1 Iodisation of Household Salt ............................................................... .......179
10.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among Children ............................................................ 179
10.3.3 Micronutrient Intake Among Mothers ............................................................ 182
10.3.4 Prevalence of Anaemia in Children................................................................ 184
10.3.5 Prevalence of Anaemia in Women................................................................. 184
10.3.6 Prevalence of Anaemia in Children by Anaemia Status of Mother ............................ 187
10.4 Nutritional Status of Children under Age Five...................................................... 187
10.4.1 Measures of Nutritional Status in Childhood ..................................................... 187
10.4.2 Trends in Children’s Nutritional Status ............................................................ 191
10.5 Nutritional Status of Women ..........................................................................191
CHAPTER 11 MALARIA ...................................................................................... 195
11.1 Mosquito Nets .......................................................................................... 195
11.1.1 Ownership of Mosquito Nets ...................................................................... 195
11.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children ................................................................ 196
11.1.3 Use of Mosquito Nets by Pregnant Women ..................................................... 198
11.2 Exposure to Media Messages on Malaria........................................................... 199
11.3 Malaria Diagnosis, Case Management, and Treatment .......................................... 200
11.3.1 Malaria Prophylaxis during Pregnancy............................................................ 200
11.3.2 Prevalence and Management of Childhood Malaria.............................................. 202
CHAPTER 12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR ...................... 207
12.1 HIV/AIDS–Related Knowledge and Attitudes....................................................... 207
12.2 Knowledge of Prevention Methods ...................................................................208
12.3 Beliefs about AIDS......................................................................................210
12.4 Stigma and Discrimination Associated with HIV/AIDS ............................................. 213
12.5 Knowledge of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission ....................................... 216
12.6 HIV Testing................................................................................................219
12.7 Counselling and Testing Pregnant Women........................................................... 221
12.8 Attitudes towards Negotiating Safer Sex ............................................................222
12.9 Higher-Risk Sex and Condom Use .....................................................................224
12.10 Paid Sex ................................................................................................ 227
12.11 Self-Reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Symptoms ............................. 227
12.12 STI Treatment-Seeking Behaviour .................................................................. 229
12.13 Sexual Behaviour among Young Women and Men ................................................ 229
12.14 Orphanhood and Children’s Living Arrangements................................................. 235
CHAPTER 13 HIV PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS .......................................... 239
13.1 Coverage of HIV Testing .............................................................................. 240
13.2 HIV Prevalence.......................................................................................... 243
13.2.1 HIV Prevalence by Socioeconomic Characteristics ............................................... 243
13.2.2 HIV Prevalence by Other Socio-demographic Characteristics................................... 246
13.2.3 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour ........................................................ 247
13.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk.................................. 249
13.2.5 HIV Prevalence and Male Circumcision ............................................................ 250
13.2.6 Prevalence among Couples......................................................................... 251
13.3 Distribution of the HIV Burden in Ghana............................................................. 253
REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 255
APPENDIX A SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION................................................................... 257
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ........................................................ 263
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ...................................................................... 281
APPENDIX D PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2003 GHANA DEMOGRAPHIC AND ........................ 287
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ............................................................................. 291 |
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